Freedom of Information in Question – Freedom of information in international law and the calls for a New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)
List of Contents
Acknowledgements 5
Abbrevations 9
Introductions 11
1 Freedom of information in international law 16
1.1 Historical background 16
1.1.1 The League of Nations 19
1.1.2 Early work of the United Nations 19
1.1.3 The Conference on Freedom of Information of 1948 28
1.2 Freedom of information under existing international instruments 38
1.2.1 Concept and terminology 38
1.2.2 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 45
1.2.2.1 The Universal Declaration 45
1.2.2.2 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 50
1.2.3 The European Convention on Human Rights 55
1.2.4 The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) 71
1.2.5 The American Convention on Human Rights 76
1.2.6 The African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights 79
1.3 Limitations 85
1.3.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 19 of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights 85
1.3.2 Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 95
1.3.3 The European Convention on Human Rights 100
1.3.4 The American Convention on Human Rights 105
1.3.5 The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 112
2 Freedom of information called into question 114
2.1 Quantitative and qualitative imbalances in the international news flow 114
2.2 Arguments for and against a NWICO 130
2.3 The role of the press in society 148
3 In search of a NWICO 155
3.1 Toward a NWICO 155
3.1.1 The institutional framework 155
3.1.2 The question of licensing journalists 167
3.1.3 The creation of the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool 171
3.2 The Unesco Mass Media Declaration of 1978 178
3.2.1 Unesco 216
3.2.2 Comments on the substantive significance of the Declaration 197
3.2.3 Formal significance of the Mass Media Declaration 208
3.3 Subsequent developments 216
3.3.1 Unesco 216
3.3.1.1 Evolution of the concept 216
3.3.1.2 Practical measures 236
3.3.2 The United Nations General Assembly 242
Summary and Conclusion 257
Appendix 265
Bibliography 272
Index 301
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